Ever tried to herd cats across a border? It's nothing compared to the complexities of shipping goods from Malaysia to Vietnam! Grappling with mysteries like fluctuating costs, extended transit times, and maze-like customs regulations can feel nearly impossible to understand. Fortunately, this comprehensive guide will take you through everything you need to know. It covers freight transportation options - be it air, sea, road or rail - and explains the ins and outs of customs clearance, duties, and taxes for businesses. Plus, it offers tailored advice to make your shipping journey, dare we say... easier? If the process still feels overwhelming, let DocShipper handle it for you! As an international freight forwarder, they're experts at turning shipping challenges into business success.
Table of Contents
Which are the different modes of transportation between Malaysia and Vietnam?
Journeying from Malaysia to Vietnam for trade isn't as simple as hoping on a bike and pedaling over. This trip is like a tough math problem. But don't worry; we'll help crack it together. Considering Malaysia and Vietnam's respective locations, ocean freight and air freight stand tall as viable and efficient options, like the school's star students. Each mode, however, fits a unique set of shipping needs, just like different tools in a toolbox. Our task? To figure out which tool is perfect for your unique shipping challenge. Sit tight, as we delve into unraveling this transportation puzzle.
How can DocShipper help?
Struggling to ship goods between Malaysia and Vietnam? Let DocShipper ease your worries. Our experienced team navigates the complexities of international freight, ensuring smooth sea to sky transitions. Why take on the hassle when we can do it for you? Get a free estimate within 24 hours, or pick up the phone for a chat with our consultants – you won't pay a cent for the call.
DocShipper Tip: Sea freight might be the best solution for you if:
- You're dealing with hefty quantities or oversized goods. Sea transport is your go-to for maximizing space without stretching your budget.
- Time sensitivity isn't a concern for your shipment. Ocean freight is known for its leisurely pace, especially when compared to the speed of air or rail.
- Your supply chain connects key international harbors. This positions you to take full advantage of a wide-reaching network of ocean trade routes.
Sea freight between Malaysia and Vietnam
Shipping goods between Malaysia and Vietnam via ocean freight lays a robust foundation for their thriving trade relationship. Key industrial centers are seamlessly connected by bustling cargo ports, such as the Port Klang in Malaysia, and Cai Mep International Terminal in Vietnam. While ocean shipping presents a cost-effective solution for transporting high-volume goods, it's not without its hurdles.
Indeed, sea freight might feel like a tricky maze for many shippers and businesses: complex customs procedures, duties, and the time-taking nature of this method can pose significant challenges. Yet, imagine this process being as smooth as driving on a newly-paved road! Our guide will unveil the specific best practices, akin to the signboards on your journey, making your shipping experience between these two countries a less daunting task. Embark with us in this section as we simplify the sea of complexities in ocean shipping, turning those high waves into gentle ripples.
Main shipping ports in Malaysia
Port Klang
Location and Volume: Situated in Selangor, Port Klang is not only the busiest port in Malaysia but also ranks among the world's top container ports. It handles over 12 million TEUs annually.
Key Trading Partners and Strategic Importance: Major trading partners include China, Singapore, European Union countries, and the United States. Its strategic position at the heart of Asia makes it a crucial player in the global shipping industry.
Context for Businesses: If your business plans to extend its reach in the Asian market, leveraging Port Klang's high-volume shipping capacity and strategic location can be profitable.
Port of Tanjung Pelepas
Location and Volume: Located in the state of Johor, the Port of Tanjung Pelepas is the second-largest port in Malaysia, holding the record as the fastest growing port in the region, handling over 9 million TEUs.
Key Trading Partners and Strategic Importance: Key trade partners are the Asian countries, Europe, and the U.S. It serves as an important hub for Maersk, the world's largest container shipping company.
Context for Businesses: Should your business be thinking of maximizing alliances with giant carriers like Maersk, the Port of Tanjung Pelepas’s collaboration can significantly fortify your logistics strategy.
Penang Port
Location and Volume: Situated in the northern region of Peninsular Malaysia, Penang Port is the oldest and longest operating port in the country with a container volume of over 1.5 million TEUs.
Key Trading Partners and Strategic Importance: Main trading partners include ASEAN countries, China, and the EU, with tin and rubber as the main exports.
Context for Businesses: For businesses dealing in bulk commodities or seeking to tap into the ASEAN market, the historic Penang Port could provide an excellent outlet.
Kuantan Port
Location and Volume: Located on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, Kuantan Port is a multipurpose port dealing in liquid, bulk, and containerized cargo, handling over a million tons.
Key Trading Partners and Strategic Importance: It primarily trades with China, Singapore, Japan, and Thailand, featuring prominently in the East-Coast Economic Region’s development plans.
Context for Businesses: If your business seeks an east coast gateway with access to diverse transport modes, Kuantan Port’s extensive facilities and strategic importance can make it the ideal choice.
Bintulu Port
Location and Volume: Situated in Sarawak, Bintulu Port is the leading LNG export terminal in Malaysia, bearing LNG capacity of 24 million tons per annum.
Key Trading Partners and Strategic Importance: Predominantly serving the energy sector, it trades primarily with Japan among other Asian countries.
Context for Businesses: For businesses in the energy sector eyeing the Asian energy market, Bintulu Port’s LNG dominance can be a game-changer.
Port of Labuan
Location and Volume: Located on Labuan Island, The Port of Labuan is a free commercial port with a substantial volume of freight due to its status as an offshore financial center.
Key Trading Partners and Strategic Importance: Key trading partners include Brunei and other ASEAN nations. Its strategic importance lies in its flourishing offshore oil and gas industry.
Context for Businesses: If you're looking to penetrate the oil, gas, and financial markets of Southeast Asia, incorporating the Port of Labuan in your shipping strategy can be beneficial.
Main shipping ports in Vietnam
Port of Hai Phong
Location and Volume: Located in the northeast corner of Haiphong City, this port is crucial for North Vietnam's international trade, displaying a shipping volume of over 6.22 million TEUs in 2019.
Key Trading Partners and Strategic Importance: Silicon Valley in the US, Shenzhen in China, and Yokohama in Japan are among the port's primary partners considering significant technological and automobile imports and exports. The port's fast-rising importance is evident in its operational expansions.
Context for Businesses: If you're looking to tap into the Asian market, the Port of Hai Phong provides swift shipping times to nearby powerhouse economies like China and Japan.
Port of Da Nang
Location and Volume: Da Nang port is centrally positioned on Vietnam's east coast and boasts a shipping volume of over 8 million tons of cargo annually.
Key Trading Partners and Strategic Importance: The port frequently trades with the likes of Singapore, Japan, and the US. Da Nang's privilege as an International Gateway Port adds to its strategic importance.
Context for Businesses: If your business seeks a comprehensive connection with ASEAN market, utilizing the Port of Da Nang can serve as an optimal strategical move considering its well-connected trade network.
Port of Vung Tau
Location and Volume: Situated near Ho Chi Minh City, the port of Vung Tau is a bustling hub with a shipping volume exceeding 2.7 million TEUs as of 2018.
Key Trading Partners and Strategic Importance: Major trading partners include China, The USA, and Japan. The port's deep-sea access has skyrocketed its strategic importance, offering excellent potential for growth.
Context for Businesses: The Port of Vung Tau's deep-sea access means it will continue becoming increasingly integrated into international shipping routes. Those looking to expand trade with China, or South East Asia, in general, may want to consider this as a key part of their shipping strategy.
Port of Saigon
Location and Volume: Residing at the heart of Vietnam's economic powerhouse—Ho Chi Minh City, the Port of Saigon shows a massive shipping volume of around 6.16 million TEUs.
Key Trading Partners and Strategic Importance: This port's key trading partners are mostly in countries such as China, USA, and Singapore. It's this port's strategic connection that helped Ho Chi Minh City become Vietnam's economic powerhouse.
Context for Businesses: Port of Saigon's bustling activity could potentially boost your business ventures whether you're considering to expand trade within Vietnam or are eyeing nearby markets.
Port of Quy Nhon
Location and Volume: Nestled on Vietnam's South Central Coast, Quy Nhon has a shipping volume of more than 8,700 thousand tons.
Key Trading Partners and Strategic Importance: Its key trading partners span across countries in North East Asia, including South Korea and Japan. Quy Nhon Port serves as a vital import/export location for Vietnam’s South Central Coast, Central Highlands provinces, and Cambodia.
Context for Businesses: Quy Nhon can be a strategic addition to your shipping routes if your business focuses on the Northeast Asian market or involves cross-border trade with Cambodia.
Port of Nghi Son
Location and Volume: Located north of the capital city Hanoi, the Port of Nghi Son plays a fundamental role in the economic development of North Central Vietnam with a shipping volume of over 15 million tons annually.
Key Trading Partners and Strategic Importance: Key trading partners include China, Japan, and ASEAN countries. Its strategic position makes it the doorway to the North Central region of Vietnam.
Context for Businesses: The Port of Nghi Son is an ideal choice if your pathways to the Northern Vietnamese market form part of your shipping strategy. Its direct connectivity to major highways and expressways enhances the flexibility of your logistics plan.
Should I choose FCL or LCL when shipping between Malaysia and Vietnam?
Deciding between Full Container Load (FCL) and Less than Container Load (LCL), also known as consolidation, isn’t just a sea freight option but a strategic move for your business. It starkly impacts your operational costs, delivery times, and ultimately, your success. So, whether you're a Malaysian manufacturer catapulting into Vietnam's market or a Vietnam retailer tapping into Malaysia's rich resources, this section will help you understand these shipping methods better, guiding you to tailor the perfect solution for your unique shipping needs. Let's demystify FCL and LCL, and set your business on the right shipping track!
LCL: Less than Container Load
Definition: LCL, or Less than Container Load, is a shipping method where various shippers share space in the same container for small shipments. It's a cost-effective solution for shipping lower quantities.
When to Use: This option is perfect, particularly when your shipment size is under 13-15 cubic meters (CBM). You pay for your portion of the container space, improving flexibility while keeping shipping costs down.
Example: Suppose you're shipping three pallets of electronics from Kuala Lumpur to Hanoi. These items may only occupy about 4 CBM, far less than a full container size. In this case, an LCL shipment would be a pragmatic solution.
Cost Implications: Using LCL freight consolidates your shipping costs. You'll only pay for the space your goods occupy, resulting in potential savings compared to renting an entire container. This payment structure is particularly beneficial for businesses dealing with lower-volume shipments and tighter margins. However, remember that LCL can entail longer shipping times due to additional processing and handling. So, factor this into your budgeting and scheduling.
FCL: Full Container Load
Definition: FCL or Full Container Load shipping connotes exclusive reservation of a full container for a shipper's cargo only. This type of transportation offers heightened security as your goods are sealed from origin to destination in one, undisturbed container.
When to Use: You should choose FCL shipping when your cargo volume exceeds around 14 CBM (cubic meters). For instance, if your business is exporting furniture from Malaysia to Vietnam and the volume of your shipment fits into a whole 20'ft or 40'ft container, FCL is your best bet.
Example: Here's a practical scenario: A car parts manufacturer in Malaysia needs to transport a large quantity of products to a distributor in Vietnam. Given the high volume, FCL shipping is selected, allowing for cost savings and added security.
Cost Implications: The cost implications of FCL come into play when looking at the FCL shipping quote. As a general rule, FCL is more economical with large volume shipments, with the cost per unit decreasing as the number of goods increase. A sealed FCL container also reduces the risk of cargo damage, potentially saving additional costs down the line.
Unlock hassle-free shipping
Looking for smooth cargo shipping between Malaysia and Vietnam? Trust DocShipper, a professionals in ocean freighting, dedicated to uncomplicating your logistic needs. Our team evaluates key factors such as cargo type, budget, and time constraints to guide your consolidation or full container decision. Minimize shipping uncertainties and maximize efficiency with us. Start now with our free, no-obligations estimate – because the best freight solutions are personalized ones.
How long does sea freight take between Malaysia and Vietnam?
Sea freight ties in roughly 5-7 days, on average, to transport goods between Malaysia and Vietnam. Shipping time is influenced by factors such as the specific port of origin and destination, the kind of goods being shipped, and their total weight. For a personalized, comprehensive quote, reach out to a dedicated freight forwarder like DocShipper.
Below is the approximate sea freight transit time in days between the four main ports in both countries:
Origin Port (Malaysia) | Destination Port (Vietnam) | Transit Time (in days) |
Port Klang | Port of Hai Phong | 7 |
Port Klang | Port of Ho Chi Minh City | 5 |
Port of Penang | Port of Hai Phong | 7 |
Port of Penang | Port of Ho Chi Minh City | 6 |
Please note that these are only averages and transit times may vary. It's recommended to consult with a freight forwarder for more accurate information specific to your shipping needs.
How much does it cost to ship a container between Malaysia and Vietnam?
Deciphering the shipping cost between Malaysia and Vietnam can feel like grappling with a chameleon -- ever-changing and highly dependent on several variables. Ocean freight rates are not one-size-fits-all. Your Point of Loading, Destination, chosen carrier, the nature of your goods, and even the temperamental market fluctuations each month all play into the final quotation. These dynamics make it challenging to offer a precise golden figure. However, picture a ballpark estimate that spans a wide range from X to Y dollars per cubic meter (CBM). Despite these variabilities, you won't be navigating these uncharted seas alone. Our expert shipping specialists are committed to working with you closely, tailoring each quote to your unique circumstances to deliver the most competitive rates. Fear not, your seamless shipping experience is our mission!
Special transportation services
Out of Gauge (OOG) Container
Definition: An OOG container is a shipping method designed to accommodate items exceeding standard container dimensions - out of gauge cargo.
Suitable for: Oversized goods that don't fit in standard containers are a perfect fit for OOG.
Examples: Industrial equipment, large machinery, boats, and heavy-duty construction materials.
Why it might be the best choice for you: If your business deals in unusually shaped or bulky items, OOG containers provide an efficient solution to ship from Malaysia to Vietnam safely.
Break Bulk
Definition: Break bulk is the shipping method for goods that need to be loaded individually, not in a container or via the bulk method.
Suitable for: It's ideal for goods that are too large to fit in containers or not suitable for dry bulk loading.
Examples: Wind turbine blades, yachts, construction equipment, large pipes.
Why it might be the best choice for you: If your commodities are so large they cannot be containerized, break bulk shipping offers a reliable method of transportation for your loose cargo load.
Dry Bulk
Definition: Dry bulk represents items shipped in large quantities like grains, metals, or minerals, without packaging. They are loaded directly into the vessel's hull.
Suitable for: High-volume, unpackaged goods that are non-liquid.
Examples: Coal, grains, sand, or gravel.
Why it might be the best choice for you: If you trade in diverse commodities and need to handle large quantities, this can be a cost-effective method.
Roll-on/Roll-off (Ro-Ro)
Definition: Ro-Ro is a type of vessel designed to carry wheeled cargo that is driven on and off the ship on their own wheels or using a platform vehicle.
Suitable for: Wheeled cargo like cars, trucks, trailers, or railroad cars.
Examples: New cars for dealerships, used vehicles for resale markets, construction machinery.
Why it might be the best choice for you: If your business involves transportation of motorized equipment or vehicles between Malaysia and Vietnam, choosing a ro-ro vessel offers ease of loading and unloading.
Reefer Containers
Definition: Reefer containers are refrigerated containers used for shipping temperature-sensitive goods.
Suitable for: Perishable goods requiring specific climate conditions.
Examples: Pharmaceuticals, fruits, vegetables, dairy products, meat.
Why it might be the best choice for you: If your cargo's freshness and quality are a priority, reefer containers provide climate-controlled environments perfect for maintaining the quality integrity.
Now that you better understand your shipping options between Malaysia and Vietnam, remember that our DocShipper team is here to help. We invite you to contact us for a free shipping quote in less than 24h, and we will provide the best solution tailored to your business needs.
DocShipper Tip: Air freight might be the best solution for you if:
- You're pressed for time or facing a non-negotiable deadline. Air freight delivers unparalleled speed when it comes to transit times.
- Your shipment is modest in size, falling under 2 CBM. Air freight is particularly well-suited for these smaller consignments.
- Your supply chain includes destinations that are off the beaten maritime or rail paths. Air freight gives you access to a comprehensive global airport network.
Air freight between Malaysia and Vietnam
Fast, reliable, and perfect for high-value, compact shipments - that's air freight from Malaysia to Vietnam in a nutshell. Imagine you're shipping a small batch of high-end electronics; cost-effectiveness skyrockets due to air freight's speed and security. However, many shippers stumble by not considering all factors before taking to the skies. Think of it like packing for a vacation without checking the weather - unexpected costs sneak up! Frequently, the price is inaccurately estimated because the correct weight formula isn't used, and lack of best practices can make expenses balloon. Understanding these speed bumps is crucial to a smooth air freight journey, and we'll delve into these in the upcoming discussions.
Air Cargo vs Express Air Freight: How should I ship?
Feeling overwhelmed in picking the right air shipping route for your business between Malaysia and Vietnam? Let's simplify – Air Cargo means your goods hop onto an available space in regular passenger airlines, while Express Air Freight gets them onto dedicated planes for a quicker delivery. Tune in as we decode these options and help you catapult your business to new heights.
Should I choose Air Cargo between Malaysia and Vietnam?
Opting for air cargo between Malaysia and Vietnam could align with your budgeting requirements. Key players like Malaysia Airlines and Vietnam Airlines operate frequent, reliable services, making it cost-effective. However, consider slightly longer transit times because of fixed flight schedules. Importantly, from 100/150 kg (220/330 lbs) of cargo, airfreight becomes increasingly attractive – an essential point when weighing your options.
Should I choose Express Air Freight between Malaysia and Vietnam?
Express air freight is a unique service using solely cargo aircraft, serving shipments below 1 CBM or approximately 100/150 kg (220/330 lbs). Unlike regular freight, express freight offers more expedited, streamlined services suitable for your smaller, urgent shipments. Major international couriers such as FedEx, UPS, and DHL are reputable express freight providers. Relying on them ensures fast, reliable deliveries from Malaysia to Vietnam. This is the perfect solution if you're seeking swift transit times and easy tracking for your compact shipments. Make your choice based on your specific needs and urgency level.
Main international airports in Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur International Airport
Cargo Volume: Kuala Lumpur International Airport handles approximately 726,230 Metric Tons of cargo each year, making it the busiest airport in Malaysia for cargo traffic.
Key Trading Partners: Key trading partners include China, Japan, the European Union, the United States, and ASEAN countries, making it an active global hub.
Strategic Importance: The airport's strategic location in Southeast Asia, coupled with its extensive connections, makes it a pivotal gateway to Asia and beyond.
Notable Features: This airport is equipped with state-of-the-art facilities such as advanced cargo handling system and a sophisticated Animal Hotel, facilitating efficient handling of all types of goods.
For Your Business: Whether you're looking to expand into the vibrant markets of Asia or aiming to strengthen your global operations, utilizing the capabilities of Kuala Lumpur International Airport could provide an advantageous boost.
Penang International Airport
Cargo Volume: Penang International Airport handles about 172,000 Metric Tons of cargo yearly.
Key Trading Partners: The airport mainly deals with international shipments from and to China, India, Japan, Singapore, and Indonesia.
Strategic Importance: Located in a major industrial hub of Malaysia, this airport can be a valuable link between your business and tech industries in Asia.
Notable Features: It is well-equipped to handle a variety of cargo types and is known for its high standards of security.
For Your Business: If your business deals with electronics, you'll be interested in leveraging Penang International Airport's network, given the significant electronic goods movement via this hub.
Senai International Airport
Cargo Volume: The cargo volume for Senai International Airport is approximately 15,000 Metric Tons per annum.
Key Trading Partners: The significant trading partners include Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand, and other ASEAN countries.
Strategic Importance: Senai International Airport is positioned in the heart of the Malaysia-Singapore-Indonesia growth region, benefiting from being in the logistics hotspot of Southeast Asia.
Notable Features: This airport houses a free zone area for cargo consolidation, warehousing, and light industries – providing added convenience and efficiency for businesses.
For Your Business: If you're considering pointing your logistics towards Southeast Asia, Senai International Airport's regional connections and integrated facilities might help ensure a seamless shipping experience.
North Butterworth Container Terminal (NBCT)
Cargo Volume: Although primary figures are not disclosed, NBCT supports a substantial amount of sea-air cargo volumes.
Key Trading Partners: This includes China, Taiwan, South Korea, and Singapore.
Strategic Importance: The terminal's strategic position in northern Malaysia and proximity to the Butterworth Railway Station makes it a potential multi-modal transport hub for businesses.
Notable Features: NBCT offers both containerized and conventional cargo handling capabilities, allowing for diverse shipping options.
For Your Business: If your shipping needs require the flexibility and diversity of sea-air modalities, NBCT might be a compelling choice for your business's logistics.
Kuching International Airport
Cargo Volume: With an annual cargo volume of about 23,000 Metric Tons, Kuching International Airport is Eastern Malaysia’s major gateway.
Key Trading Partners: Some of their key partners include China, Australia, Middle Eastern countries, and other regions within ASEAN.
Strategic Importance: Its geographic position presents a unique advantage for businesses targeting the BIMP-EAGA (Brunei Indonesia Malaysia Philippines - East ASEAN Growth Area).
Notable Features: The airport is reputed for handling both regular and irregular-shaped cargo, including perishables thanks to cold storage facilities.
For Your Business: If your business deals with products requiring specific temperature controls or aims to penetrate the BIMP-EAGA markets, Kuching International Airport's facilities and location could be ideal for your shipping strategy.
Main international airports in Vietnam
Tan Son Nhat International Airport
Cargo Volume: Handles over 1.2 million tons of cargo annually.
Key Trading Partners: Key territories include the United States, China, Japan, and South Korea.
Strategic Importance: Being Vietnam’s largest and busiest airport, it plays a pivotal role in facilitating international trade.
Notable Features: Equipped with all essential facilities to handle massive freight, including temperature-controlled facilities for perishable goods.
For Your Business: With a broad network, your business can easily transport goods to and from major global markets.
Noi Bai International Airport
Cargo Volume: Annually processes about 700,000 tons of cargo.
Key Trading Partners: Strategically linked with several hubs in Asia like China, Japan, South Korea, and Singapore.
Strategic Importance: It's the second-largest airport in Vietnam and an important gateway for northern regions.
Notable Features: Houses a dedicated cargo terminal with modern tracking system.
For Your Business: An excellent alternative to Tan Son Nhat, particularly if your supply chains revolve around the northern region or if you often deal with exports to or imports from North Asia.
Cam Ranh International Airport
Cargo Volume: Cargo volume data is less accessible, as it's primarily a passenger airport, but it handles a significant cargo portion nonetheless.
Key Trading Partners: Connects primarily with South Korea, China, and Russia.
Strategic Importance: Useful for reaching markets in East Asia and Eastern Europe.
Notable Features: The airport is continuously expanding its cargo-handling capacities.
For Your Business: If your business relies on deliveries to, or exports from, East Asia or Eastern Europe, this airport could be a strategic point for you.
Da Nang International Airport
Cargo Volume: Manages a moderate volume of cargo yearly, majorly due to the international businesses operating in Da Nang.
Key Trading Partners: Major links with domestic Vietnamese cities, but also with destinations in China, Japan, South Korea, and Thailand.
Strategic Importance: It's the third largest in Vietnam and crucial for local and international businesses situated in the central region.
Notable Features: In recent years, significant investments have been made to expand its cargo-handling capabilities.
For Your Business: If you're shipping goods to central Vietnam or have trade links with countries like China and Korea, Da Nang can be a part of your logistics plan.
Cat Bi International Airport
Cargo Volume: Handles a lesser cargo volume compared to major Vietnamese airports but has been growing steadily.
Key Trading Partners: Maintains links predominantly with China and some domestic Vietnamese cities.
Strategic Importance: As one of the important airports in the north, it is often used for domestic cargo transportations.
Notable Features: Its compact size allows faster processing times for your shipments.
For Your Business: If your business operates on a domestic scale, or if quick processing time is crucial for your supply chain, Cat Bi can be a good choice.
How long does air freight take between Malaysia and Vietnam?
Shipping goods from Malaysia to Vietnam by air freight usually takes between 1 to 3 days. However, transit time isn't set in stone – it can fluctuate based on factors like the specific airports involved, the weight of your shipment, and the nature of the goods you're sending. To get the most accurate shipping times for your specific needs, it's wise to consult a freight forwarder like DocShipper.
How much does it cost to ship a parcel between Malaysia and Vietnam with air freight?
Averagely, air freight rates between Malaysia and Vietnam range from $3 to $8 per kg. But remember, these aren't absolute costs. Shipping rates can change significantly due to factors such as distance from departure and arrival airports, package dimensions, weight, and the nature of the goods. That's why we at XYZ Freight Forwarders quote each project individually. Our dedicated team is committed to providing the most competitive rates, tailored to your specific business needs. Reach out to us any time to receive a free, personalized quote within 24 hours.
What is the difference between volumetric and gross weight?
First, let's define these two core concepts. Gross weight refers to the total weight of your shipment, including the product, packaging, and any filling material. On the other hand, volumetric weight, also known as dimensional weight, is a measure that considers both the weight and size of your shipment.
Calculating gross weight in air shipment is straightforward; it's simply the sum total of the product's weight, packaging, and filling material, measured in kilograms (kg). Say, for example, your product weighs 25kg, the packaging weighs 5kg. Your gross weight is 30kg, which is approximately 66 lbs.
Calculating volumetric weight is slightly more complex. In air freight services, you need to multiply the length, width, and height of your package (measured in cm) and divide the result by 6000. In express air freight services, the divisor is 5000. Suppose your package dimensions are 40cm x 30cm x 20cm. For air freight, the calculation is (403020)/6000, which yields a volumetric weight of 4kg (approximately 8.82 lbs). For express air freight, it's (403020)/5000, with a resulting volumetric weight of 4.8kg (approximately 10.58 lbs).
These calculations matter because freight charges are often based on the higher of the two weights between gross and volumetric. So, selecting the most cost-effective packaging can result in considerable savings.
DocShipper tip: Door to Door might be the best solution for you if:
- You value convenience and want a seamless shipping process, as door-to-door takes care of every step from pickup to delivery.
- You prefer a single point of contact, as door-to-door services typically provide a dedicated agent to handle all aspects of the shipment.
- You want to minimize the handling of your goods, reducing the risk of damage or loss, as door-to-door minimizes transitions between different modes of transport.
Door to door between Malaysia and Vietnam
Experience effortless logistics with our international door-to-door shipping from Malaysia to Vietnam. It’s a seamless, all-inclusive service, where we take care of everything - collection, transportation, customs, to the final delivery at your doorstep. Reap benefits like comprehensive tracking and mitigated risks. So, sit back, relax, and navigate the journey of your goods with us. Let's dive in!
Overview – Door to Door
Your shipping worries can end here! Our door-to-door service from Malaysia to Vietnam ensures a hassle-free experience covering everything from pick-up to delivery. Despite the labyrinth of customs clearance and administrative procedures, this service guarantees ease and convenience. Though slightly costlier, many clients find its benefits outweigh the price. It simplifies the complexity of transportation and provides you with peace of mind. Trust us, you'll join the ranks of our satisfied customers who've declared door-to-door their go-to shipping option. This guide will help you understand its inner workings and advantages, and give you a practical glimpse that resonates with your shipping needs.
Why should I use a Door to Door service between Malaysia and Vietnam?
Ever heard the phrase 'From soup to nuts'? In the shipping world, it's more like 'From factory to doorstep', and that's exactly what Door to Door services between Malaysia and Vietnam bring on board!
1. Elimination of Stress: Let's face it, logistics is a labyrinth! A Door to Door service navigates this for you, handling everything from customs documentation to transportation arrangements. Say goodbye to heartburn and hello to smooth sailing.
2. Timely Delivery: Urgency is your middle name? No problem. With this service, tight timelines are managed meticulously, ensuring your shipment arrives bang on time.
3. Specialized Care for Complex Cargo: Whether your cargo is as tricky as a Rubik's cube or as delicate as a Fabergé egg, Door to Door services specialize in handling complex shipments efficiently. Rest easy knowing your freight is being handled with kid gloves.
4. Convenience: Enjoy the luxury of choice by selecting pick-up and delivery points, adding feathers to your convenience cap. Think of it as your very own genie who also hauls cargo.
5. Complete Coverage: From the bustling streets of Kuala Lumpur to the tranquil shores of Ho Chi Minh, the service ensures that your shipment travels the breadth and width, right to the final destination. Full coverage, full satisfaction.
So whether you're shipping machine parts or exotic spices, Door to Door service renders the entire process a breeze, allowing you to kick back, sip a cup of tea, and deal with... well, everything else.
DocShipper – Door to Door specialist between Malaysia and Vietnam
Experience stress-free door to door shipping between Malaysia and Vietnam with DocShipper. We efficiently manage every step, from packing and transportation to customs clearance, across all shipping methods. There's absolutely nothing for you to fret about since we assign a dedicated Account Executive for your specific needs. Reach out to us for a swift, free estimate within 24 hours, or get expert advice from our consultants at no cost at all. Let DocShipper take care of your freight; you just sit back and rest easy!
Customs clearance in Vietnam for goods imported from Malaysia
Understanding customs clearance - the approval process that allows goods to enter a country - is crucial when importing goods from Malaysia to Vietnam. The complex process can be a maze of unexpected fees, surprising charges, and unforeseen stumbling blocks. Customs duties, taxes, quotas, and licenses can turn your shipment into a logistical challenge, leading to significant delays. At DocShipper, we understand this labyrinth and will guide you through. We're dedicated to making sure your goods don't stay stuck in limbo at the customs office. As you read on, we'll delve deeper into these areas. But remember, we can assist with any shipping requirement, anywhere in the world. Need a project estimate? Contact our team with your goods' origin, value, and HS Code. These three critical pieces of information will help us provide you an accurate estimate.
How to calculate duties & taxes when importing from Malaysia to Vietnam?
In the intricate world of international shipping, calculating customs duties can seem like attempting to solve a complex puzzle. However, by understanding the basic factors, including the country of origin, the Harmonized System (HS) Code, the Customs Value, and the Applicable Tariff Rate, along with any other taxes and fees applicable to your products, you can navigate this maze with competence and ease. It's like knowing the right keys on a keyboard to hit! The first key to this process is to pinpoint the exact country where your goods were manufactured or produced. This garners much significance as the entry point of your calculation and sets the pace for the rest of the procedure.
Step 1 - Identify the Country of Origin
Knowing the country of origin crucially determines your import journey. Here are the top five reasons why identifying it is a key step.
Firstly, it sets the stage for getting your HS code, which categories your product for customs. Secondly, it's pivotal to understanding what tariffs apply to your product. Thirdly, it clarifies what import restrictions are applicable as these vary from country to country. Fourthly, it provides insight into whether any duties can be exempt due to Free Trade Agreements (FTA). Lastly, it aids in preparing the necessary documentation for smooth customs clearance.
Now, let's talk about the Malaysia-Vietnam relationship. They share a robust FTA under the ASEAN Trade - Goods Agreement (ATIGA). This agreement significantly reduces import tariffs on a wide range of products, sometimes even to zero. So, trading between these countries can prove quite cost-effective!
However, note that Vietnam imposes strict import controls on certain products from Malaysia, like vegetable oils, refined palm oil, and certain electronic goods. So, plan carefully and venture wisely into the import-export business; it might be less daunting than you think!
Step 2 - Find the HS Code of your product
An HS Code, or Harmonized System Code, is a universally accepted classification system for products. This six-to-ten digit number is critical in international trade, as it is used by customs authorities around the globe to identify products for the purpose of assessing duties and taxes.
It might surprise you, but one of the simplest ways to find the HS code for a product is asking your supplier. Since they're deeply familiar with what the product entails and their relevant regulations, they can readily provide this code.
However, if consulting the supplier isn't an option, don't worry. You can still find the HS Code for your product by using this easy, step-by-step process:
1. Access the Harmonized Tariff Schedule tool, a reliable, free resource that provides HS codes for a broad range of products.
2. Simply type the name of your product in the search bar.
3. Look at the Heading/Subheading column. Here, you should be able to identify the HS Code for your product.
Please, take note! It's crucial to choose the most accurate HS Code. An incorrect code can not only lead to shipping delays but also result in potential fines. Hence, precision is key when it comes to selecting the right HS Code.
Wrapping it all up, here's an infographic showing you how to accurately read an HS code. This resource is designed to assist you in understanding the structure of HS Codes, and how each digit within the code has a distinctive purpose.
Step 3 - Calculate the Customs Value
Understanding customs value is vital in the import process. It's different from the product's price because it includes additional costs associated with getting your goods from Malaysia to Vietnam. To simplify, consider the 'CIF' concept: Cost, Insurance, and Freight. Let's say you bought an espresso machine for your café in Ho Chi Minh City for 500 USD from a Malaysian manufacturer. That's the 'cost'. Add in freight charges, say 50 USD for shipment, and an insurance premium of 10 USD. Now, your customs value is not just the 500 USD you paid for the machine, but the total CIF, amounting to 560 USD. This is the value that Vietnam customs will use to compute your import duties, not just the machine's selling price. So always factor in CIF when planning for resources. It's your key to smooth shipping.
Step 4 - Figure out the applicable Import Tariff
An import tariff is a tax imposed by the national government on goods coming into the country, intended to protect local industries and maintain economic balance. In Vietnam, specific and ad valorem tariffs are mainly used, based respectively on the quantity or monetary value of the goods.
To establish the proper tariff for your goods, you need to know your goods' Harmonized System (HS) code, a universal economic language and standard for goods to classify products traded internationally. For example, let's consider green coffee beans (HS Code: 0901.11.00) imported from Malaysia.
Suppose the tariff based on Vietnam's regulations is 15% for these beans. To determine the payable import duties, you'll also need to account for insurance and freight costs (CIF), which, in our case, let's say is $1,000. Therefore, the import duty you'll have to pay is 15% of $1,000, which equals $150.
By understanding this process, ensuring all details align with Vietnamese regulations, you can eradicate any surprises, ensuring that your shipping journey from Malaysia to Vietnam is smooth and efficient, irrespective of the product you're dealing in.
Step 5 - Consider other Import Duties and Taxes
Beyond the standard tariffs, importing goods from Malaysia to Vietnam may come with additional duties, varying based on your product's origin and nature. These are the 'extras' worth factoring in:
1. Excise Duty: Certain commodities get levied an additional tax. If you're shipping luxury items, for example, they might attract a higher excise duty.
2. Anti-Dumping Duty: This is crucial if your product is priced lower than the usual market value in Vietnam. To counterbalance this 'dumping', an extra tax is imposed.
3. Value-Added Tax (VAT): A key consideration, VAT in Vietnam typically stands at 10%. For a hypothetical shipment worth $1000, the VAT would be $100.
These are illustrative figures, subject to fluctuations. Keep in mind that the practicalities of the process might vary and it's pivotal to do your homework or consult an expert to verify up-to-date costs and regulations.
Step 6 - Calculate the Customs Duties
Calculating customs duties, VAT, anti-dumping taxes, and Excise Duty can be a complex process. Here's how you can tackle this task for your goods imported from Malaysia to Vietnam.
The customs duties are generally calculated on the cost, insurance, and freight (CIF) value of the goods. CIF combines the value of the goods, the cost of insurance, and the cost of transport to Vietnam.
For example, if the CIF value of your goods was $10,000, and the customs duty rate was 10%, the customs duty would be $1,000. This is your cost if there is no VAT involved.
If VAT is involved, calculated at 10% of CIF value and customs duty, your cost would be $1,100 ($1,000 customs duty + $100 VAT).
In a case where anti-dumping taxes and Excise Duty are also involved, say, an additional 5% each, your total cost would be $1,600 ($1,000 customs duty + $100 VAT + $500 anti-dumping taxes + Excise Duty).
These calculations can be quite overwhelming. At DocShipper, we ensure every step of the customs clearance is handled expertly, making sure you're not overcharged. Contact us for a free quote within 24 hours, and let us take care of your customs clearance process anywhere in the world.
Does DocShipper charge customs fees?
DocShipper, as a customs broker in Malaysia and Vietnam, handles customs clearance for which it charges a fee, separate from any customs duties or taxes. However, rest assured, we don't bill you for customs duties - these go directly to the government. To show transparency, we provide documentation from the customs office, proving that your payment is just for the government's charges. Think of it like splitting a dinner bill - DocShipper's services are a different line item from government taxes!
Contact Details for Customs Authorities
Malaysia Customs
Official name: Royal Malaysian Customs Department
Official website: https://www.customs.gov.my/en
Vietnam Customs
Official name: General Department of Vietnam Customs
Official website: https://www.customs.gov.vn/
Required documents for customs clearance
Understanding which documents you need for customs clearance is crucial to ensure a smooth shipping process. In this guide, we'll decipher the jargon, taking you through the essentials such as the Bill of Lading, Packing List, Certificate of Origin, and Documents of Conformity (CE standard). Let's untangle the knots together!
Bill of Lading
The Bill of Lading (BoL) is your magic ticket when shipping goods from Malaysia to Vietnam. Acting as an ownership receipt, it's proof that your freight has been loaded onto the vessel. Once a carrier issues the BoL, it's off to the races, transitioning your cargo ownership from the shipper to the consignee. An outstanding feature is the electronic ('telex') release, which replaces the paper BoL, saving you time and the environment. It's the Netflix to your old school DVD. If you're flying goods over, an Air Waybill (AWB) substitutes the BoL. So, keep your BoL or AWB close, like that proverbial key to your apartment. Your consignment's safety and seamless transfers depend on it.
Packing List
In the world of shipping between Malaysia and Vietnam, the Packing List is akin to that unsung hero who ensures your freight sails smoothly through customs. Imagine this as your shipment's resume, detailing everything from product type to quantity, measurements, to weight. The Ground rule? Accuracy is paramount. Consider this scenario: Your air freight containing 500 custom-designed coffee mugs stumbles at Vietnamese customs due to a scribbled '50' on the Packing List! Sounds nightmarish, right? As a smart shipper, the onus is on you to compile this document meticulously. Its relevance holds true for both sea and air freight. In essence, a well-drafted Packing List is your passport to hassle-free customs clearance between these two countries. Don't undervalue it!
Commercial Invoice
Speaking of commercial invoices, when you're shipping between Malaysia and Vietnam, it's not just a piece of paper, it's the primary document customs officials will scrutinize! It needs to have all the fine details: description of goods, their HS code, buyer and seller's information, value of goods, and country of origin. Accuracy here is key. Why? Because this is what determines your duties and taxes.
Let's for a moment imagine you're shipping premium coffee beans. Harmonization code, let's say 0901.21.00, should be clearly mentioned. It must align across all your shipping documents to avoid possible delays at customs. Bottom line? Treat your commercial invoice as the 'star' in the document lineup. It's vital to ensuring your Vietnamese or Malaysian shipments sail smoothly through customs clearance. Always keep it real, detailed, and consistent.
Certificate of Origin
Shipping goods between Malaysia and Vietnam? An ace up your sleeve can be the Certificate of Origin (CO). Acting as the birth certificate for your goods, the CO confirms their country of manufacture. Say you're exporting electronic components manufactured in Malaysia. Your CO validates this, potentially granting you preferential customs duty rates, thanks to trade agreements. It's crucial when dealing with Vietnam customs as they often base their tariffs on the CO. Accurate documentation can mean smoother clearance, a shipping experience without hiccups, and more savings. Remember, with customs, every detail counts! Save time and avoid unnecessary fees by nailing your certificate of origin. It might just separate a shipment that sails through customs from one that gets stuck.
Get Started with DocShipper
Unsettled by complex customs clearance between Malaysia and Vietnam? Let DocShipper ease the burden. Our team handles every step, ensuring your cargo navigates regulations seamlessly for swift and hassle-free delivery. Turn the page on shipping woes now: contact us today and receive a comprehensive, no-obligation quote within 24 hours. It's time for stress-free shipping.
Prohibited and Restricted items when importing into Vietnam
Understandably, the import scene in Vietnam can feel like a maze, especially with the country's strict rules on prohibited and restricted items. Avoid costly complications and keep your goods sailing through customs with our comprehensive guide. Let's dive into the specifics of what can and can't enter Vietnam.
Restricted Products
- Telecommunication equipment: To import this, you'll need a Type Approval Certification from the Ministry of Information and Communications.
- Radio and wireless equipment: You have to apply for a SRRC certification from the Radio Frequency Department.
- Alcoholic beverages: To ship these, make sure to get the Alcohol Distribution License from the Ministry Of Industry and Trade.
- Tobacco and tobacco products: For these goods, you need an Import Quota License from the Ministry of Industry and Trade.
Remember, you should always verify the most recent import regulations as the government may revise them without prior announcement.
Prohibited products
- Narcotics and drugs: Any non-prescribed drug or controlled substance is not allowed to be imported into Vietnam.
- Toxic chemicals: Any chemicals categorized as toxic by Vietnamese standards are prohibited. This includes certain agricultural and industrial chemicals.
- Firecrackers, explosives, and military equipment: Importing these items into Vietnam is strictly forbidden.
- Pornographic materials: Any form of pornographic material — whether digital or physical — is not permitted.
- Certain publications: Vietnam prohibits the import of certain reading materials, especially those considered politically sensitive or harmful.
- Endangered plants and animals: Any product derived from endangered flora and fauna, or those that are not compliant with CITES regulations, are banned.
- Used IT products: This includes second-hand digital devices like laptops, computers, and associated components.
- Used consumer goods: Items such as second-hand clothes and footwear are not allowed.
- Cigarettes and cigars above permitted quantities: Although you can import tobacco products into Vietnam, the quantity is strictly limited. Anything over this limit is considered illegal.
- Alcohol over permitted quantities: Similar to tobacco, there are restrictions on the quantity of alcohol you can import. Anything exceeding these restrictions is prohibited.
Always remember to do your due diligence and stay up to date with import regulations, as the prohibited items list may change over time.
Are there any trade agreements between Malaysia and Vietnam
Yes, Malaysia and Vietnam enjoy robust trade relations under the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). This agreement eases the process of trading goods and significantly reduces customs duty costs. Being part of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) also enhances their trade partnership. Several trade facilitation measures are under negotiation, aiming to create seamless logistics between the two nations. These ongoing efforts might further streamline your shipping operations in the future. Stay tuned!
Malaysia - Vietnam trade and economic relationship
Malaysia and Vietnam have shared robust trade and economic relations for decades. Their relationship has seen notable milestones such as both joining the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Key sectors that drive bilateral trade are electronics, oil and gas, and agriculture. Malaysia ranks as one of Vietnam's top investors with cumulative investment of $14.8 billion across over 329 projects. Meanwhile, Vietnam exports commodities like rice and coffee, contributing to a bilateral trade value of approximately $14.8 billion in 2024. These dynamic economic links ensure an ever-evolving trade relationship between Malaysia and Vietnam, creating new opportunities for businesses in both countries
Your Next Step with DocShipper
Frustrated with the shipping process between Malaysia and Vietnam? Don't let complex logistics, customs rules, and paperwork slow down your business. As dedicated experts, DocShipper ensures a seamless and stress-free shipping experience. Reach out to us, let's transform your freight forwarding headaches into a smooth-sailing success.
Additional logistics services
Dive beyond freight forwarding - explore our wide range of logistics solutions, handling your supply chain end-to-end. Because with DocShipper, shipping and customs clearance is just the beginning. Enjoy hassle-free, comprehensive logistics services tailor-made to your needs.
Warehousing and storage
Finding dependable warehousing can be daunting, especially when goods demand specific conditions like temperature control. Think chilled pharmaceuticals or perishables. A stable, well-managed warehouse can make or break your supply chain between Malaysia and Vietnam. Craving more in-depth discussion? Find it at our dedicated page: Warehousing.
Packaging and repackaging
Ensuring top-notch packaging is central to successful shipping from Malaysia to Vietnam. Safeguard your products: from electronics to delicate handicrafts, a reputable agent can handle all packaging intricacies. Imagine your fragile porcelain arrives intact, thanks to efficient repackaging! Don't gamble with your goods; trust the pros. More info on our dedicated page: Freight packaging.
Cargo insurance
When shipping, things can go awry and that's where Cargo Insurance steps in. Unlike fire insurance that can have limitations, transport insurance covers an extensive range of risks, even unexpected ones like maritime accidents. Picture this: your shipment falling overboard in a storm - scary, right? Cargo Insurance has got you covered, mitigating such maritime nightmares. For a 360° view on this safety net, visit our dedicated page: Cargo Insurance.
Supplier Management (Sourcing)
Struggling to find trustworthy suppliers in Asia or Eastern Europe? Let us be your compass. DocShipper connects your business to reliable manufacturers, tackling language barriers and guiding you through the procurement journey. Imagine no stress, just smooth sourcing. More info on our dedicated page: Sourcing services
Personal effects shipping
Relocating between Malaysia and Vietnam? Be it an heirloom dresser or a grand piano, handling weighty and delicate items can be taxing. Take a breather; with our Personal Effects Shipping, your bulky and fragile valuables are in seasoned hands. Remember the anxiety around your grandmother’s porcelain vase during your last move? Say goodbye to it! More info on our dedicated page: Shipping Personal Belongings.
Quality Control
Proper quality control safeguards your goods' integrity during transit from Malaysia to Vietnam. It's the belt-and-braces approach to ensure your items meet both legal and consumer standards. Consider this: an apparel retailer saved thousands by catching subpar stitching before shipment, preventing costly returns and brand damage. See how our meticulous inspections keep your business profitable and reputable in the Quality Inspection page here.
Product compliance services
Ensuring your goods align with destination regulations is essential. That's why our Product Compliance Services undertake rigorous laboratory testing to achieve certification. Isn't it reassuring knowing your consignment adheres to every stipulation? This way, there's no unnecessary holdups or costs. Simply, it's smooth sailing. Discover more about how we've got you covered on our Product compliance services page.
FAQ | Freight Forwarder in Malaysia and Vietnam
What is the necessary paperwork during shipping between Malaysia and Vietnam?
When shipping goods from Malaysia to Vietnam, it's important to ensure the proper documentation is present. This starts with the Bill of Lading for sea freight or Air Waybill for air freight, which we at DocShipper manage for you. What you need to provide us with is a packing list and commercial invoice. Depending on your goods, other documents like Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) or certain certifications may also be required. It's all about making sure everything complies with both countries' regulations to avoid any hold-ups at customs.
Do I need a customs broker while importing in Vietnam?
In Vietnam, navigating the complex customs procedures can be challenging due to the mandatory details and documents to provide. As such, we do recommend using a customs broker to interact with the customs authority. Our team at DocShipper can take this burden off your shoulders. In the majority of shipments, we represent your cargo at customs, ensuring you avoid any hassles during the process and making your experience of importing goods into Vietnam a smooth one. Trust us to take care of these intricate tasks, as we work tirelessly to provide comprehensive freight forwarding solutions.
Can air freight be cheaper than sea freight between Malaysia and Vietnam?
At DocShipper, deciding whether air freight is cheaper than sea freight between Malaysia and Vietnam truly hinges on several factors. These could be the route, the weight, and the volume of your cargo, to name a few. As a guideline, if your shipment does not exceed 1.5 Cubic Meters or weighs less than 300 kg (660 lbs), air freight could become a cost-effective option. However, remember, our dedicated account executives are always ready to assist and provide the most competitive shipping method suitable for your specific needs.
Do I need to pay insurance while importing my goods to Vietnam?
While importing goods to Vietnam, the decision of buying insurance lies entirely with you. It is not a necessity under shipping regulations, whether you're transporting locally or on an international scale. However, we at DocShipper highly advise towards securing insurance for your goods as a protective measure. Numerous unpredictable instances such as damage, loss, or theft can occur during the transit. Hence, insurance provides an assurance of compensation for any such incidents, granting you peace of mind for your business.
What is the cheapest way to ship to Vietnam from Malaysia?
Given the proximity of Malaysia and Vietnam, ocean freight is the most cost-effective shipping method. With our services at DocShipper, we take full advantage of neighboring sea ports, offering our clients cheaper rates, more carrier options, and less transit time. We handle all related logistics, ensuring a hassle-free shipment for you. Remember, costs may vary based on cargo size, weight, and specific requirements.
EXW, FOB, or CIF?
When it comes to choosing between EXW, FOB, or CIF, this often depends on the relationship with your supplier. Remember, they may not be logistics professionals, so it's generally a good idea to delegate the process to specialists like us at DocShipper. Most suppliers sell under EXW (at their factory door) or FOB (with all the local charges included until the original terminal). Regardless of your choice, our DocShipper team stands ready to provide comprehensive door-to-door service. With our expertise, we can easily manage international freight and destination processes for you, giving you peace of mind throughout the shipment journey.
Goods have arrived at my port in Vietnam, how do I get them delivered to the final destination?
If your cargo is under CIF/CFR incoterms, you'll need to engage a customs broker or freight forwarder to support with customs clearance, import charges, and final delivery from the Vietnam port. Alternatively, our DocShipper team can manage this for you under a DAP incoterms arrangement. Remember, it's crucial to confirm these details with your designated account executive.
Does your quotation include all cost?
Absolutely, our quotation encompasses all expenses, barring the duties and taxes at the destination. We're committed to transparency and strive to eliminate surprises by having no hidden fees. If you need an estimate of duties and taxes, your dedicated account executive is always available to assist. We want to ensure you have a seamless shipping experience.